Immune regulation: FcγRIIB—regulating the balance between protective and autoreactive immune responses

SARS-COV-2 Virus; Immune Responses and The Immunopathogenesis

Abstract Background and Objectives Clinical features of SARS-COV-2 virus include fever, headache, cough, sore throat, and shortness of breath, and in severe forms it leads to disseminated intravascular coagulation, septic shock, and ultimately death. Excessive secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1 leads to cytokine storms in this disease. The emergence of new va...

Regulation of Immune Responses By

Exosomes: Mediators of Immune Regulation

Extracellular Vesicles, including exosomes, are small membrane fragments released from many cell types, like Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). They were recognized as a mechanism of intercellular communication. They can transfer proteins, lipids and nucleic acids to other cells. Thus, they have many physiological (angiogenesis, coagulation and tissue repair, etc.) and pathological (e.g. in autoimm...

Helminth-Induced Immune Regulation: Implications for Immune Responses to Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) caused by the bacteriaMycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) remains a global cause of considerable morbidity and mortality [1]. One of the biggest current challenges of TB control is our incomplete understanding of what constitutes protective immunity in TBendemic areas of the world. Although close to 2,200 million people maintain the infection in a state of latency and act as a re...

HIV and the Sharpen Edge Between Protective and Pathogenic Immune Responses to the CD4 Self Antigen

The homeostasis of the immune function is severely impaired by HIV exposure, not only as an effect of the infection but also as a consequence of interactions of viral proteins with key elements of the immune system. In this context, in HIV infected individuals autoimmune responses to membrane CD4, the HIV receptor, are generally considered involved in the catastrophic loss of most part of the T...